Outline some of the ways in which Marketisation and Selection Policies may produce social class differences in educational achievement (12 Marks) free essay sample

Marketisation is when schools become more business-like. This could be competition; schools strive to get to the top of league tables, they want the best grades and results, and they try to provide the best. Marketisation introduced funding formula, exam league tables and competition between schools. Due to the Marketisation of schools and the education system, sociologists have found that there is now an A to C economy and educational triage. Due to this change schools are now under immense pressure to stream and select pupils. For schools to receive good funding and pupils they need to achieve a good league table. Due to the league table sociologists, Gillborn and Youdell found that it creates what they call a ‘educational triage’. Gillborn and Youdell describe this as the sorting of pupils with a school. Their idea separates pupils into three categories; those who will pass anyway, borderline pupils (D-C) and hopeless students. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline some of the ways in which Marketisation and Selection Policies may produce social class differences in educational achievement (12 Marks) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their study found that teachers were likely to base the student’s ability on class. Those from a working class background are likely to be the ‘hopeless cases’ therefor the students were given no academic help and were ignored. Due to this label, Gillborn and Youdell believe this will lead the students to believing they’re in fact not intelligent and the self-fulfilling prophecy will lead to failure. In some cases the educational triage helps individual students who are C/D borderline, however it therefor does hinder the lower/ high grade students, as they are likely to be ignored due to them having either a very low or have a very high chance of passing. Schools, due to Marketisation, are also under pressure to pick and select ‘ideal pupils’ which are usually middle-class students. They will gain the school they attend higher grades and therefor a higher position in the educational league tables. Schools which achieve good rakings within league tables are most likely to attract more middle-class pupils and then will therefor improve the schools overall results and make the school popular. A school which is popular will receive more funding and thereby improve the schools results and so on, likewise an under achieving school will continue on a downward spiral. In 1993, Will Barlett found that popular schools were therefor likely to cream skin and silt- shift. League tables therefor lead  schools to marketize themselves to the public in order to attract middle-class children as they think they will most probably achieve higher grades leading to higher funding. Marketisation aims to attract middle-class students and not working-class students which may produce social class differences in educational achievement. Will Barlett argued in 1993 that Marketisation leads to schools cream skimming and silt-shifting. Cream skimming in education means that schools select higher ability pupils (mainly middle-class children) who gain the best results and therefor cost less to educate. Silt-Shifting however is the idea that schools also off load pupils with learning difficulties who are there for expensive to teach and will cost the school more money than the average child. This can disadvantage working class students in several ways. One way it disadvantages working-class students is by using home and school contracts. Selective schools usually require parents to sign a document explaining the schools expectations of the students before being offered a place. Sociologist Gewirtz explained that one individual school required parents to â€Å"ensure attendance and punctuality †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Schools do this as they will be attracting the right sort of parents and children. This technique is used to discourage working-class students and parents from applying if they are not willing to work or encourage their children to achieve their best. This technique within marketization also favours middle-class students as their parents are most likely to care about their education. Overall, Marketisation and Selection Policies do in fact produce social class differences in educational achievement. Firstly, league tables are likely to create an educational triage which seems to favour middle-class children more so than working-class children as they are likely to be labelled as hopeless. Next, league tables are designed to attract middle-class families and finally schools try to discourage working-class parents from sending their children to popular schools. We can gather from sociologist’s research that Marketisation and Selection Policies do produce social class differences in educational achievement.

O Caledonia by Elspeth Barker

O Caledonia by Elspeth Barker Free Online Research Papers How successful is Elspeth Barker in creating sympathy for Janet in ‘O Caledonia’† you may wish to refer to theme, presentation of character, setting, narrative viewpoint and language in your analysis.‘O Caledonia’ by Elspeth Barker is a murder-mystery story set in 1950’s Aberdeenshire. It tells the story of a young girl called janet, as she grows up into adulthood. The story begins with a prologue where janet is murdered, and we are then told the story of her childhood. The Author makes the reader feel sympathy for janet, and a sense of loss at her death. In this essay, I am going to examine how Elspeth Barker achieves this. The character of Janet is portrayed with sympathy in the book. Throughout her childhood and adolescence, she is alienated for being different, and refusing to conform to stereophonics. It is clear from the start of the book, that Janet’s father has no interest in her, when she is born, her father comes home on leave from the army. His only remark is ‘It’s about the size of a cat† When a her brother Francis is born, he gets a much more favourable reception â€Å"In the manufacture of human pride, there is no ingredient so potent as the production of a son† remarks her mother Vera’s friend Constance. â€Å"The blue wicker basket had found it’s rightful occupant† This shows that boys are favoured more than girls in Janet’s family. Janet has a very romantic outlook in life, and this is illustrated by the colourful language she uses to describe things; There is a ‘bird motif’ running throughout the story, this is where janet is symbolised by bird. The first instance of this is janet’s grandad’s parrot Perhaps the most poingnant of these is in the prologue; In the castle of Auchnasaugh, there is a statuette of a white cockatoo â€Å"his breast transfixed by an arrow†, underneath this is a plaque saying â€Å"Moriens Sed Invictus†, which means â€Å"dying but unconquered†. This image has many parallels with janet, as she too is dying, stabbed through the chest. The â€Å"dying but unconquered† statement, too applies to janet. She is dying yes, but she hasn’t given in to society, she has not let them change her. Research Papers on ‘O Caledonia’ by Elspeth BarkerThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsMind TravelHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementWhere Wild and West MeetCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is Art

Law fo business (Individual) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law fo business (Individual) - Essay Example We also have Megastores in Cornwall, who supplied the toy to the retailer. And we have the Chen Organisation in China, who manufactured the toy. Also, it must be noted that Mrs. Sharma has two different causes of action, one based upon contract and one based upon torts. The tort cause of action is based upon product liability. The rule regarding product liability can be found in Donoghue v. Stevenson, a famous 1932 case that stated that was the first case to establish that a manufacturer of goods and services owes a duty of care to all consumers of the product. It is special to note that there is no need for privity, in other words, the duty of care is not just owed to the person to whom the the manufacturer has a contractual obligation. Such as in the case of Donaghue, the basic facts are that a patron of a soda shop drank a ginger beer that had the remains of a snail in the beer. She sued, and, even though she did not purchase the drink, she won. She did not have a special contractual relationship, but this was not dispositive in this case.1 While Donaghue grounded product liability actions in negligence theory, this is no longer the case. The rule regarding product liability is one of strict liability now. This rule began in 1936 with the case of Grant v. Australian Knitting Mills2, in which the defendant was held liable to the plaintiff for underwear that had too much sulphite, but Commission directives from the Pearson Commission was not enacted.3 These cases and directives led to the Consumer Protection Act 1987, which governs product liability now. This was promulgated to enact the European Community Directive on Liability for Defective Products 1985.4 The Consumer Protection Act 1987 (hereinafter â€Å"CPA†) states that â€Å"where any damage is caused wholly or partly by a defect in the product, every person to whom subsection (2) below applies shall be liable for the damage.†5 The act goes